多哥

多哥（1913年10月17日至1929年12月5日）是莱昂哈德·塞帕拉（Leonhard Seppala）和他的狗拉雪橇队的领头犬，在1925年血清穿越阿拉斯加中部和北部流向诺姆时运送距离达到264英里（其它19只队伍平均运送31英里）。

多哥是前领犬“ Suggen”的后代之一。它以日本海军上将东八平八郎的名字命名。最初，它看上去并不像拉雪橇犬那样有潜力。 它到成年时只能长到约48磅（22公斤），并且有黑色，棕色和灰色的外套，使它看上去永远肮脏。

多哥年幼时生病，需要Seppala妻子的重点监护。 一位记者回忆说，它非常大胆，粗暴，因此被视为“艰难而顽皮”，显示出“拥有成为……犬类犯罪的所有迹象”。 起初，这种行为被解释为证据，证明它在生病期间对它的个人关注宠坏了。 由于它似乎不适合拉雪橇犬，因此Seppala放弃了它成为6个月大的爱犬。

在做家养宠物仅几个星期之后，多哥就跳过一扇关闭的玻璃窗，跑了几英里回到它原来主人的狗窝里。 对团队的热爱使Seppala印象深刻，因此他没有试图再次放弃它。 然而，当塞帕拉（Seppala）带领车队奔跑时，多哥（Togo）继续逃出狗窝，继续造成麻烦。 它会攻击即将到来的车队的领头犬，“好像……为他的主人扫清了道路”。 然而，有一天，多哥袭击了一位更矮胖的爱斯基摩犬首领，受了重伤。 当它康复时，多哥终于停止了攻击其他车队的领头犬。

当多哥8个月大时，它证明了自己作为雪橇犬的价值。 它再次追赶车队，Seppala没有注意到，就睡在Seppala过夜的客舱附近。 第二天，塞帕拉发现它在远处，并且明白了为什么他的狗队又不听话了。 多哥继续使Seppala的工作变得困难，试图与工作犬一起玩耍并带领它们进行“对驯鹿的追击”，使它们脱离了足迹。 塞帕拉别无选择，只能束手束脚控制住它，多哥立即安定下来，Seppala感到非常惊讶。

随着比赛的开始，塞帕拉（Seppala）一直将多哥（Togo）上移，直到一天结束时，它与领队（被称为“ Russky”）分享领队位置。 多哥使用吊带车的第一天就行驶了75英里，这对于没有经验的年轻雪橇犬，尤其是小狗来说是闻所未闻的。 Seppala称多哥为“婴儿神童”，后来补充说：“我找到了一位天生的领袖，这是我多年来努力培育出来的家伙。”

多哥开始训练，并在几年后担任领头犬职位。 它成为塞帕拉（Seppala）最珍贵的狗之一，这种亲密而互惠的关系将持续到多哥生命🔚。 在具有历史意义的血清跑步时，它当时12岁，但已经担任领头犬7年了。

根据历史学家厄尔·阿沃萨诺（Earl Aversano）的说法，塞帕拉（Seppala）于1960年晚年，他回忆说：“我再也没有比多哥更好的狗了，它的耐力，忠诚和智力都是最优秀的，多哥是有史以来穿越阿拉斯加足迹最好的狗。 ”。

多哥 (2019)

8.8

2019 / 美国 / 剧情 冒险 / 埃里克松·科尔 / 威廉·达福 朱丽安妮·尼科尔森

这是一部以狗狗为主题的电影！

这不得不让我想起我们家曾经的一员～～“小狼”，一只聪明调皮可爱的边牧，她来我家的那一年正好带我家玏哥刚在电影院看完《狼图腾》，于是让玏哥给她起名，结果玏哥就叫她“小狼”！

当然，成也萧何败也萧何，养狗的原因是觉得玏哥没有玩伴，于是收养她，那年是2015年，玏哥6岁！

在2021年玏哥12岁上初中以后，我实在没有更多的时间和精力照料她了，就帮她找了一家城郊有大院子的爱狗人士安顿了！

所有的事件都有两面性，就像片中的一段对白对多哥的评价“你看到的是勇气和可爱You see spirit and something lovable.而我只看到麻烦 费时和失败All I see is trouble, waste of time, and failure.”

就像我虽然不是激进的“爱狗人士”，但是我喜欢狗狗也愿意养狗！就像我不支持吃狗肉，但是我也不反对别人吃狗肉！

其实关于动物的电影很多，而以狗狗为主题的电影就更多了，其中不乏经典佳片，我有印象的就有《忠犬八公》、《南极大冒险》、《一条狗的使命》、《101斑点狗》…

这些以狗狗为主题的电影表达了狗狗对人类的忠诚、它们的勇敢、坚毅等等，而本片最难能可贵的是由真实事件改变的！

故事本身比较简单，说的是在阿拉斯加爆发了白喉，在零下五十度大雪纷飞的恶劣气候，只有靠狗拉雪橇才能去把急需的血清带回来，而参与接力的十几队狗拉雪橇评论每队只完成了50公里，而多哥的雪橇队却完成了近500公里，差点搭上了它和主任的性命！

剧情倒也算紧张刺激，当然还有阿拉斯加那冰天雪地的美丽景色，有点不输《海蒂和爷爷》里面阿尔卑斯山的优美景色了，当然各有千秋了！

虽然剧情比较简单，但是事件的意义很重大，也很感人！

值得推荐，推荐指数⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️

对于现代人来说，白喉是个遥远而罕见的疾病，不要说普通人，就算是儿科学的资深教授，也没几个敢说自己亲眼见过白喉。我们对它最近的记忆，恐怕都是小时候因为怕疼而哭喊着不肯接种的一种叫做百白破的疫苗。

然而就在一个多世纪之前，白喉却是种极为可怕且常见的儿童杀手。每年全球都有无数儿童因之早夭，还有许多成人也无法幸免于难。感染这种疾病后，病情严重的患者会因咽部生出的灰白色假膜而呼吸困难或窒息，因此西班牙人叫它“勒死人的病魔”（el garatillo，"the strangler"），而英国人则叫它“哮吼病”（croup）或 “布洛涅喉病”（Boulogne sore throat，是的，即便是给疾病取名字腐国人民也决不会放弃辱法）。

白喉的可怕在许多医学和文艺作品中都有所记录，19世纪英国著名女作家Elizabeth Gaskell的小说《克兰弗德》中，即有这样一个段落：牧师家活泼可爱的小男孩下午还在参加游园会，晚上就被凶险的Croup夺去了性命。

就是这个可怜的宝宝TAT

但是，我们很难确切知晓旧时这些可怕的病症，究竟是真的白喉，还是其它喉部感染性疾病。直到1826年，法国医生皮埃尔·布勒托诺（Pierre Bretonneau）对这种疾病的特点进行了详细描述，白喉也自此获得了特有的名字（diphthérite，后来逐渐转译为英文diphtheria）。

时光来到19世纪后半叶，在这个伟大的时代，以法国科学家路易·巴斯德（Louis Pasteur）和德国科学家罗伯特·科赫（Robert Koch）为代表的细菌学家们确立了细菌学说，他们在显微镜和培养皿中揭露出一个又一个原本“隐形”的细菌杀手，使得医学界对疾病的原因形成了新的认识。1883年，科赫的学生埃德温·克勒布斯（Edwin Klebs）和弗雷德里克·勒夫勒（Fredrick Loeffler）在患者喉部的假膜中发现了一种细长稍弯，粗细不一的棒状细菌，这就是白喉的病原——白喉棒状杆菌。

白喉杆菌

勒夫勒还进一步提出猜想：杆菌入侵患者的鼻咽部，却能够引发严重的全身反应，是不是有可能是它产生了毒素入血，进而影响全身呢？不久之后，巴斯德研究所的亚历山大·耶尔森（Alexandre Yersin）等人证明了这一假说。

1890年，科赫实验室的埃米尔·阿道夫·冯·贝林（Emil Adolf von Behring）和北里柴三郎（Shibasaburo Kitasato）尝试制作一种“白喉抗毒素”：他们将白喉毒素注射到实验动物体内，刺激动物的血液中产生一种对抗白喉毒素的物质。但是，想要生产大量足以治病救人的抗毒素血清并不容易，科学家们需要找到大型的、血量充沛的动物，在尝试使用过牛、驴子等众多大型动物后，他们发现马注射毒素后反应最好，它们通常不会因为注射毒素而死亡，而只是表现出低热。于是，许多卫生机构建起了马匹饲养棚，配备了放血设施。可怜的马儿们被一次次穿刺、采血，含有白喉抗毒素的马血清被提取出来，注射到那些呼吸急促、迫切等待救治的小朋友大朋友体内。

纽约市卫生局的医务工作者在采集马血

1901年，冯·贝林因为在白喉治疗、免疫方面做出的贡献获得了首届诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。可惜由于缺乏有效的疫苗，感染白喉的人数依然众多。1921年，美国有20多万人感染白喉，其中1万5千多人死亡。英格兰和威尔士的儿童死亡原因中，白喉排第3位。

冯·贝林

1925年，美国阿拉斯加州的小镇诺姆暴发了白喉疫情。而距离诺姆镇最近的存有救命白喉血清的城市却远在955 英里以外。大雪封路，白喉血清只能用火车送到距离诺姆镇674 英里的地方。多哥和它的狗狗伙伴们挺身而出，雪橇队接力完成了运送。

多哥

多哥和小伙伴

多哥和爸比

医学家们也没有停止战斗，1913年，冯·贝林开发出了含有白喉毒素和抗毒素的混合物“疫苗”，注射这种混合物后，人们会出现轻微的感染症状，机体却能在刺激下产生针对白喉杆菌的抗体。1926年，英国免疫学家亚历山大·格伦尼（Alexander Glenny）优化了白喉疫苗（类毒素）。20世纪30年代，白喉类毒素逐渐在各国推广开来，用于免疫接种。由于白喉类毒素的普遍使用，20世纪80年代后全球白喉病例已经大大减少。1980到2000年期间，全球白喉的总报告病例数减少幅度>90%。如今，除了少数国家偶尔有白喉病例爆发，大部分地区的白喉感染都得到了比较好的预防和控制。

在2019这个注定不宁静的年份即将结束的时候，谨以此文纪念和感恩那些使我们免于病痛的医生、马儿和狗狗。希望新的一年里，人类和动物都能被善待，我们每个人散发的小小的善意能让这世界变好那么一丁丁丁丁点儿……

【文外八卦1】

根据一些科学史文章的记录，在开发抗白喉血清的过程中，冯·贝林本来说好要和科赫实验室的另一位科学家保罗·埃利希（Paul Ehrlich）共享发明权，埃利希确实也做出了很多贡献，但后来冯·贝林又忽悠着埃利希放弃了自己的那一半“发明权”,许诺说他会资助埃利希建实验室……最后冯·贝林不仅拿了诺奖，还因为白喉血清赚了一大笔钱，但他答应埃利希的实验室却迟迟没有踪影……两人也因为其它一些事闹得不欢而散。

作为一名又刚又硬核的科学家，保罗·埃利希同志没有怨念气馁，而是继续搞免疫研究，7年后自己去拿了一个诺贝尔生理学或医学奖，又过了几年，他开发出了抗梅毒药砷凡纳明，同样赚得盆满钵满……硬核如此，我是真的服气的。

保罗·埃利希：不就是诺奖吗？我不会自己拿一个吗？哼(￢︿̫̿￢☆)

【文外八卦2】

民国时期，中国的白喉疫情也很凶猛。笔者没有考证过中国第一支白喉类毒素疫苗是谁生产的，但可以确定，20世纪40年代，我国著名细菌学家汤飞凡带领下的中央防疫处已能够顺利生产白喉类毒素。汤飞凡也是一位我真正服气的科学家，他开发了中国第一支青霉素、狂犬疫苗、牛痘疫苗……还是世界上第一个分离出沙眼衣原体的人，只可惜，1958年他因为不可说的原因自杀身亡了……

传送门：《汤飞凡纪录片》

汤飞凡

【本文系约稿改写，未经允许，请勿转载，谢谢】

参考文献：

//www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1901/behring/article/

//www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1901/behring/biographical/

LOUIS H. RODDIS, A Short History of Diphtheria. Military Medicine[J].1957(1)：51-53

TONSE N. K. RAJU. Emil Adolf von Behring and serum therapy for diphtheria. Acta Pædiatrica[J]. 2006(95): 258-259.

//www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/paul-ehrlich

//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo_(dog)

感谢导演，演员，还有特效给我们带来这么感人的故事。

先看看历史留给我们的记载

男主从1出发穿过诺顿湾到达 Shaktoolik 也就是红叉的地方遇到从努阿托出发（火车把血清送到此地）的雪橇手，接过血清后马上返程，再次穿越冰面裂开的诺顿湾到 Golovin 也就是黄色叉的地方交给下一位雪橇手，接力最后送到诺姆。而记者只是拍下了当时最后送到的雪橇狗 Balto ，所以在当时的美国报纸报道的主要是 Balto ，包括在纽约中央公园里面雕塑都是 Balto 。其实电影里面表现出来主角应该也确实是Togo, 而且Togo的聪明，直觉都远高于其他狗，从冰面上对裂冰的判断，风暴里面看不见路，下山在悬崖上等等镜头都可以看出，当然几次逃出房间狗圏都体现出无与伦比的聪明。男主跑的这段路程是260英里，大约420公里，也是最难的路段。电影只有2小时左右，但是实际是跑了4天半，中间为了赶路只休息了5个小时，在-50度反而风暴天，爬山过海，真的不是常人常狗可以做到的

男主的责任感，勇敢，真的不亏是挪威著名的雪橇手，作为在东北-30度过了冬天的我，明白在那种环境下真的是九死一生，人性的光辉，还有多哥身上表现出远比很多人都忠诚，勇敢的特性都使得整个片子充实饱满。在诺顿湾冰面的特效也是非常出彩实际冰面的路途是比较远的，电影只是表现了一个长镜头，实际冰面几十公里。

跨年之夜看到如此好的片子感动不已，再看看家里的那个“拆家专家”二哈，我。。。。

Togo (October 17, 1913 – December 5, 1929) was the lead sled dog of Leonhard Seppala and his dog sled team in the 1925 serum run to Nome across central and northern Alaska.

Contents

• 1Background
• 2Great Race of Mercy
• 3Aftermath
• 4Film adaptation
• 5See also
• 6References

Background[edit]

Togo was one of the offspring of former lead dog, "Suggen".[1] He was named after the Japanese admiral Tōgō Heihachirō.[2] Initially, he did not look like he had potential as a sled dog. He only grew to about 48 pounds (22kg) in adulthood and had a black, brown, and gray coat that made him appear perpetually dirty.[3]

Togo was ill as a young puppy and required intensive nursing from Seppala's wife. He was very bold and rowdy, thus seen as "difficult and mischievous", showing "all the signs of becoming a... canine delinquent" according to one reporter. At first, this behaviour was interpreted as evidence that he had been spoiled by the individual attention given to him during his illness. As he did not seem suited to be a sled dog, Seppala gave him away to be a pet dog at 6 months of age.[4]

After only a few weeks as a house pet, Togo jumped through the glass of a closed window and ran several miles back to his original master's kennel. This devotion to the team impressed Seppala, so he did not try to give him away again. However, Togo continued to cause trouble by breaking out of the kennel when Seppala took the team out on runs. He would attack the lead dogs of oncoming teams, "as if... to clear the way for his master". However, one day, he attacked a much stockier malamute leader and was mauled and severely injured. When he recovered, Togo stopped attacking other teams' lead dogs. This would eventually prove a valuable early experience, as it was difficult to teach a lead dog to keep a wide berth of oncoming teams.[5]

When Togo was 8 months old, he proved his worth as a sled dog. He had run after the team yet again and slept, unnoticed, near the cabin where Seppala was spending the night. The next day, Seppala spotted him far off in the distance, and understood why his dogs had been so keyed up. Togo continued to make Seppala's work difficult, trying to play with the work dogs and leading them in "charges against reindeer", pulling them off the trail. Seppala had no choice but to put him in a harness to control him, and was surprised that Togo instantly settled down. As the run wore on, Seppala kept moving Togo up the line until, at the end of the day, he was sharing the lead position with the lead dog (named "Russky"). Togo had logged 75 miles on his first day in harness, which was unheard of for an inexperienced young sled dog, especially a puppy. Seppala called him an "infant prodigy", and later added that "I had found a natural-born leader, something I had tried for years to breed"[6]

Togo began training, and after a few years filled the lead dog position. He became one of Seppala's most treasured dogs, a close and mutually beneficial relationship that would continue to the end of Togo's life. At the time of the historic Serum Run, he was 12 years old and had been a lead dog for 7 years.[7]

According to the historian Earl Aversano, in 1960, in his old age, Seppala recalled "I never had a better dog than Togo. His stamina, loyalty and intelligence could not be improved upon. Togo was the best dog that ever traveled the Alaska trail."

Great Race of Mercy[edit]

Main article: 1925 serum run to Nome

In 1925, in response to an epidemic, the first batch of 300,240 units of diphtheria serum was delivered by train from Anchorage to Nenana, Alaska, where it was picked up by the first of twenty mushers and more than 100 dogs who relayed the serum a total of 674 miles (1,085km) to Nome.[citation needed]

Togo and Seppala traveled 264 miles (425 km) from Nome in three days, and picked up the serum in Shaktoolik on January 31. The temperature was estimated at −30°F (−34°C), and the gale force winds causing a wind chill of −85°F (−65°C).[citation needed]

The return trip crossed the exposed open ice of the Norton Sound. The night and a ground blizzard prevented Seppala from being able to see the path but Togo navigated to the roadhouse at Isaac's Point on the shore by 8 PM preventing certain death to his team. After traveling 84 miles (134km) in one day, the team slept for six hours before continuing at 2 AM.[citation needed]

Before the night the temperature dropped to −40°F (−40°C), and the wind increased to 65mi/h (105km/h). The team ran across the ice, which was breaking up, while following the shoreline. They returned to shore to cross Little McKinley Mountain, climbing 5,000 feet (1,500 m). After descending to the next roadhouse in Golovin, Seppala passed the serum to Charlie Olsen, who in turn would pass it to Gunnar Kaasen and Balto.[citation needed]

Katy Steinmetz in Time Magazine wrote that “the dog that often gets credit for eventually saving the town is Balto, but he just happened to run the last, 55-mile leg in the race. The sled dog who did the lion's share of the work was Togo. His journey, fraught with white-out storms, was the longest by 200 miles and included a traverse across perilous Norton Sound — where he saved his team and driver in a courageous swim through ice floes.” Most people make the mistake of saying Balto is the hero, but Togo is the real hero, by over 200 miles. [8]

Aftermath[edit]

After the successful serum run, the hero dog Balto became the most famous canine of the run. Many mushers today consider Balto to be the back up dog, as Seppala's team led by Togo covered the longest and most hazardous leg. They made a round trip of 264 miles.[9]

Immediately after the relay, Togo and another dog on the team escaped to chase after reindeer, eventually returning to their kennel in Little Creek. Seppala was dismayed that the champion was neglected by the press, commenting "it was almost more than I could bear when the newspaper dog Balto received a statue for his 'glorious achievements'".[10]

In October 1926, Seppala, Togo, and a team of dogs went on a tour from Seattle, Washington to California; Seppala and Togo drew large crowds at stadiums and department stores, and even appeared in a Lucky Strike cigarette campaign. In New York City, Seppala drove his team from the steps of City Hall along Fifth Avenue and made a pass through Central Park. The team appeared multiple times at Madison Square Garden, which was being managed by Tom Rickard, formerly of Nome, and where Togo was awarded a gold medal by Roald Amundsen.[citation needed]

In New England, they competed in several dog sled races against local Chinooks and won by huge margins. Seppala sold most of his team to a local kennel.[citation needed]

In 1928, Elizabeth M. Ricker, of Poland Spring, Maine, wrote and published the book Togo's Fireside Reflections. This now rare book has attained legendary status among Alaska dog mushers. It is every musher's dream to own a copy signed by Seppala, and the musher's holy grail is to find a copy signed by both Seppala and Togo. Seppala inked Togo's paw and helped Togo sign some of the books.[citation needed]

Togo retired in Poland Spring, Maine, where he was euthanized on December 5, 1929 at 16 years old. The headline in The New York Sun Times the next day was "Dog Hero Rides to His Death" (Salisbury & Salisbury, 2003), and he was eulogized in many other papers. After his death, Seppala had him custom mounted. The mounted skin was on display at the Shelburne Museum in Shelburne Vermont. Alaskan students started a letter campaign to return Togo to Alaska. Today the mounted skin is on display in a glass case at the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race Headquarters museum in Wasilla, Alaska. The Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University has his skeleton in their collection.[citation needed]

Togo's reputation earned him enduring fame. The popular fictional teen sleuth Nancy Drew named a stray terrier after him in the 1937 novel The Whispering Statue. The dog appears in most of the Nancy Drew novels.[citation needed]

《多哥》真是一部催泪满分的电影，能让内心柔软的人泪流不止。

电影采用插叙的方式，交替讲述12年后的血清运送和12年前Togo的成长。故事本身很简单，最打动人的还是Togo和Sepp之间的感情。

Sepp曾两次想要把它送人。

第一次，因为实在太闹腾被人送了回来。

第二次，它自己从新主人家的玻璃窗冲了出来，在荒原上找到了Sepp。

于是，Sepp尝试把它编到了雪橇队里，没想到它不是一只安于跟在后面奔跑的狗，它是天生的领袖。Togo，就是挪威海军大将的名字。

十二年后Togo已经12岁了，对于一只雪橇犬来说已经是年迈，更何况他们还必须在暴风雪中日夜兼程。穿越山河，跨过冰湖，想尽一切办法用最短的时间把血清送到医院。那里有一群等着救命的孩子。

Togo带着Sepp穿越了飞速开裂的冰湖，只为了能缩短几十英里的路程。

几个镜头让我按耐不住落泪。

一是Togo拖着疲惫的身躯带领队伍穿过重重风雪，准确地达到驿站。Sepp不可思议地重复着Magificent，他知道这是狗用尽全力换来的胜利。

二是Togo跛腿后Sepp把他留在家，临别前说I have to work, forgive me.谁知Togo看见主人乘着雪橇，竟奇迹般开门追了出去，哪怕他的腿已经无法再像从前那样奔跑。

他只是想陪在Sepp身边，一如既往。

直到生命的尽头。

Sepp花了很久，才发现Togo是最棒的雪橇领头犬，而Togo只用了一秒，就认定了这个人是他一生的主人、朋友。

Sepp用Togo的一生，读懂了他对自己的爱。

注：Togo是西伯利亚犬和阿拉斯加犬的混血。最后还为它立了个新的犬种名字，赛裴拉西伯利亚犬的犬种（Seppala Siberians）。